This Monday kicked off Sustainability Week in Longyearbyen, an extended ten-day week filled with free events and lectures related to sustainability and climate research on Svalbard.
Coming to Svalbard, the carbon footprint you are leaving through your mere physical presence is an ever present concern and source of self-reproach. This is an especially fragile part of the Earth, where climate change is most acutely and drastically felt. The Arctic is warming about four times faster than the rest of the world, and in Svalbard up to seven times the global average. Under medium to high scenarios, the annual mean air temperature on Svalbard is expected to increase by 7 ºC to 10 ºC by the end of the century.
Past records and future climate predictions for Svalbard were presented during a lunch hour lecture with climatologist Inger Hanssen-Bauer at Longyearbyen folkebibliotek (Longyearbyen Library). She explained how researchers use numeric models in order to predict the climate a century from now, and also explained how the amplified numbers in the Arctic are largely due to the albedo effect. Light-coloured surfaces such as ice and snow reflect sunrays back in to the atmosphere, whereas dark surfaces absorb them, leading to warming. As more and more ice surfaces are transformed into dark open waters with every passing season, the heating of the Arctic is constantly being re-enforced and accellerated. The melting of polar ice has far-reaching impacts on global climate patterns, as ice helps maintain stable global temperatures by reflecting solar radiation back into the atmosphere and cooling down the waters that travel down towards the tropics.
Monday evening I joined a free field trip to Endalen (a valley approximately 5 km from Longyearbyen) with geologists Malte Jochmann from Store Norske and Maria Jensen from UNIS. Here we got to learn about the ongoing climate research which is being conducted through studying geological samples collected through decades of coal mining activity on Svalbard. What can be deducted from this material, and how does geology relate to climate research?
Because Svalbard has been a coal mining site for over a century, prospect drilling has taken place all across the land to an unusually thorough extent. While sampling the mountains for coal and other minerals was initially driven by economic and capitalistic interests, we are now recognising the enormous scientific value of these core drilling samples. Here in Endalen, thousands of meters of carefully recorded rock samples, dating back to boreholes drilled in the 1970s, are now being carefully and chronologically stored.
Why are these samples so valuable to us? Svalbard is a unique haven for geologists for several reasons. Nowhere else in Northern Europe can you trace sediments from so many of Earth’s geological epochs conserved in rock, and nowhere is this so unimpeded by vegetation and human settlements. The exposed rock can therefore be studied across long interrupted sections, representing a cross section of most of Earth’s history. As there is such a vast array of rock core samples from all over the archipelago, geologists can obtain a very complete picture of what the landscape looked like here millions of year ago. You can tell by the colours of the rock sediments whether or not they contain remnants of vegetation, animals, plankton, pollen etc., which may be characteristic of certain climatic zones, or wet or dry landscapes. The geology of Svalbard reveals that the climate here was once much warmer here than it is now. Studies and reconstruction on past changes in the environment can therefore help provide vital information as to what Svalbard’s weather and ecosystem will look like in the future as global warming continues. This area of research is called Palaeoclimatology - meaning the scientific study of climates predating the invention of meteorological instruments.
Non-scientific communities in Svalbard are also taking part in Sustainability Week, highlighting the many ways in which various disciplines contribute to the joint effort of spurring direct action on climate and environmental issues. While the scientists in Svalbard (and across the world) conduct enormously important research, scientific reports is something that can be difficult for the regular lay person to understand or access. In the art world, we are not only seeing a large number of contemporary artists working with climate-related themes - we are also witnessing more and more direct collaborations between scientists and creatives, with research teams often offering up one of their field trip spaces to an artist or a writer. Can science be made more accessible to the public through the means of art? How can artists document and distill scientific facts and numbers into something that is tangible and emotionally relatable?
As an Arctic residency programme, Artica Svalbard is making continuous efforts towards a greater awareness of sustainable practices. Artica is a founding member of NAARCA - The Nordic Alliance of Artists’ Residencies on Climate Action. As part of this month’s edition of First Friday Coffee Club, Artica presented a film and an online exhibition featuring the works of Rikke Luther and Nikhil Vettukattil. Rikke Luther and Nikhil Vettukattil’s art projects are part of NAARCA’s commissions aimed at fostering new knowledge and practices related to climate action in the Nordic-Scottish region. Both artists completed residencies at Artica, as well as at other locations within the NAARCA network, to prepare for their contributions to this exhibition.
Being here on a printmaking residency, I know I am making myself part of the problem - especially as my motivation for coming here has not been climate related, but learning about how local life is entrenched in international geopolitics. While I have truly enjoyed creating art in such a beautiful, interesting and multifaceted environment, I have also felt a tinge of guilt, knowing it would be hypocritical of me to attempt promote climate action through my art when I, as a traditional printmaker, am so reliant on potentially hazardous chemicals and specialised tools in order to be able to conduct my craft. These are things that all need to be shipped up for very specific purposes, and although we make sure we are disposing of everything safely and responsibly, I very much believe that the medium is part of the message - and that in this instance, there is too great a conflict and paradox. However, being in a place like Svalbard definitely makes me read climatic issues into my own work - aware of how geopolitics is ultimately linked to climate. For example - how will the eco system be affected as the polar ice melts and more and more ships are able to traverse the Northeast and Northwest passages?
The term “Sustainability Week” ultimately raises many questions. With the Arctic currently being the most vulnerable place on Earth, should there even be people on Svalbard in the first place? The local coal mining industry is closing down this year to await “The Green Shift” which is still decades away, and in the meantime our power source is now (very expensive) imported diesel from the mainland. To replace the coal mining industry and justify continued human presence in Longyearbyen, Svalbard is now investing heavily in tourism and branding itself as a “Sustainable Destination”. But what is that? Visit Svalbard says the following:
How can Svalbard be a sustainable destination when its energy comes from coal mining, most consumer goods are imported to the island, there are daily flights to and from the mainland and in the summertime large cruise ships arrive with thousands of guests on board? We often hear this as arguments for why we are not a sustainable destination. However, this is what we must deal with in the current situation. Despite the environmental paradox in Svalbard, we are working continuously to improve the conditions in this setting.
Having this label does not mean that our destination is sustainable. However, it’s an important tool for improving the situation and committing us to a continuous process of seeing how we can reduce our environmental footprint. We implement local measures, make wise environmental choices and not least increase awareness of sustainability among the tourism industry, the local population and our guests.
Svalbard is on the cusp of an identity crisis in many ways. What is our place in the Arctic? Saturday night I attended Store Norske Mandskor’s (Store Norske Men’s Choir’s) spring concert here in Longyearbyen. Store Norske owns all of Longyearbyen’s coal mining sites, and are now involved in the town’s transition into green energy. While not everyone in the choir are necessarily coal miners, many are long time residents of Svalbard, and witnesses to the many changes that are happening - both to society and to the nature around them. I think this added an extra level of emotion to what was already a beautiful concert - it was a glimpse of old Svalbard, and a glimpse into the collective memory of a chapter about to be closed.
Ultimately, I have concluded that in order to protect the Arctic and its eco-system, Svalbard needs some people. Perhaps not people like me, but I do believe that some human presence will prevent too much human presence. This archipelago was once a free for all no man’s land where whales and polar bears were almost hunted into extinction, and anyone from anywhere could claim land and extract its resources for economic gains - including Norway. Humans will never leave the Arctic alone unless someone puts strict measures into place. Norway has now turned a lot of Svalbard into national park, and are putting restrictions on the growth of Longyearbyen. While this can be read as a way of enforcing power and authority and restricing the rights of other Svalbard Treaty signatories - it is also ultimately an important step to protect Svalbard. Humans are loud, and humans are everywhere. Protect the remaining uninhibited areas at all costs.